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Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

  • 1.  Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-15-2021 14:24
    Dear ICA Graduate Students and Early Career Scholars, 

    Let's have some great conversations or discourse on our experiences and ideas on certain strategies and methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building.  While there are no prescribed methods on how should we develop a theory and build its model, we can surely agree that there are strategic ways we utilize and frameworks we can innovate for these purposes. 

    Objectives of this Discussion thread:

    1. To discuss past and current research undertakings that are focused on developing a theory and/or model building; 
    2. To share resources and exchange creative, innovative strategies and methodologies; and, 
    3. To complete, polish, or enrich and enhance any research article for journal submission. 

    All the best,
    Myrene

    ------------------------------
    Myrene Magabo
    Doctoral Student of Communication
    University of the Philippines Open University
    Laguna
    Philippines
    ------------------------------


  • 2.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-17-2021 07:38
    This video provides some ideas on how to work with theory and data.



    Any thoughts? Questions?
    Myrene



    ------------------------------
    Myrene Magabo
    Doctoral Student of Communication
    University of the Philippines Open University
    Laguna
    Philippines
    ------------------------------



  • 3.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-17-2021 07:39
    Hi everyone
    Hi Myrene

    Thanks for creating this interesting thread. I also struggled a lot with the process of writing and publishing a theoretical paper. I was very lucky to have a reviewer who pushed us to think further and achieve a higher level of abstraction in the paper. I am very grateful for that as it is because of these extensive review rounds that our paper became so much better! A good source I can recommend is the following: Pavitt (2016), entitled "A Survey of Scientific Communication Theory". 

    Best of luck to all of you writing theoretical papers!

    ------------------------------
    Lara Schreurs
    PhD student School for Mass Communication Research
    KU Leuven, Belgium
    Board Student and Early Career Representative ICA
    Co-Chair of ICA's Student and Early Career Advisory Committee (SECAC)
    ------------------------------



  • 4.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-17-2021 17:46
    Excellent resource recommendation, Lara!   The Synopsis of Pavitt's (2016) "A Survey of Scientific Communication Theory" tells it all: 

     

    This detailed survey of present-day scientific communication theory rejects the outmoded «levels» organizational scheme in favor of a system based on the underlying model and fundamental explanatory principle each theory presupposes. In doing so it shows the fundamental similarities among all communication-relevant contexts. Most theories included in the book are causal in nature, derived from one of three underlying models: message production, message reception, or interactive. A few theories take on a functional form, sometimes in dialectic or systemic versions. An introductory chapter describes what is meant by scientific explanation, how that concept is instantiated in scientific communication theory and delineates the three causal models prevalent in these theories. A useful resource for scholars, this book is suitable for graduate and advanced undergraduate courses in communication theory.


    This book might indeed be worth reading. 

    Thank you very much, 

    Myrene



    ------------------------------
    Myrene Magabo
    Doctoral Student of Communication
    University of the Philippines Open University
    Laguna
    Philippines
    ------------------------------



  • 5.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-19-2021 12:03
    Dear Myrene and Lara,

    First of all Myrene thank you for beginning this thread. I think one of the key hurdles that students like me face is understanding that theory is indeed the building block for models. 

    Thank you Lara for recommending the book. I am definitely going to check it out.

    I think this conversation is significant for early career scholars as we go into the world of academic research. Currently I am studying accidental exposure and one of the key gap is a consistent theory. Researchers have used parts of multiple communication theories to understand the concept. For a long time, I was failing to understand that we need to utilize the theory to understand a concept, and not the other way around. I am so glad, Myrene you started this conversation and Lara joined. 

    Let's keep this conversation going.

    Regards,

    Sreerupa Sanyal.

    ------------------------------
    Sreerupa Sanyal
    Doctoral Student/Graduate Research Assistant
    University of Kansas
    Olathe, Kansas 66062 KS
    United States
    ------------------------------



  • 6.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-20-2021 07:13
    Hi Seerupa

    Thank you for your thoughts on this thread! Can you tell me what exactly 'accidental exposure' is? I am not familiar with the concept.

    thanks!
    Lara

    ------------------------------
    Lara Schreurs
    PhD student School for Mass Communication Research
    KU Leuven, Belgium
    Board Student and Early Career Representative ICA
    Co-Chair of ICA's Student and Early Career Advisory Committee (SECAC)
    ------------------------------



  • 7.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-20-2021 11:01
    Hi Lara,

    Thank you for your interest in this concept. I myself did not know about this till last year. So accidental exposure is the tendency of people to get exposed to news or other information as a byproduct of their current activity. For e.g. if you are on social media (say Facebook) and you see one of your friends sharing a story about something that is currently happening which you weren't aware of, you stop to look at it and perhaps read the news article that is being shared.

    Now because of social media platforms, accidental news exposure has become widespread. However, researchers studying this concept have yet to agree on one single theory of communication that possibly gives rise to it. Probably there isn't one theory that explains it. That is why I am going to read the book you suggested. 

    It's really interesting but not much has been done with it. It is what I am studying currently. One of the theories that possibly gives rise to it is the two step flow of information... but I need to study it more. 




    ------------------------------
    Sreerupa Sanyal
    Doctoral Student/Graduate Research Assistant
    University of Kansas
    Lawrence, Kansas
    United State of America
    ssanyal@ku.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 8.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-21-2021 07:33
    Thanks for explaining, very cool concept indeed! Maybe you could keep us posted on what you find out about it theory-wise in this thread? :)

    Thanks!
    Lara

    ------------------------------
    Lara Schreurs
    PhD student School for Mass Communication Research
    KU Leuven, Belgium
    Board Student and Early Career Representative ICA
    Co-Chair of ICA's Student and Early Career Advisory Committee (SECAC)
    ------------------------------



  • 9.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-21-2021 07:33
    Thanks, @Sreerupa Sanyal for sharing your interest study!​

    Accidental exposures may have been the very roots of so many mal-informed or misinformed individuals and they do not fact-check anymore. From accidental exposures, some of these individuals may have been hooked to certain sources of information only. I think you can start building up a theory on this starting with the basic models and expand these models. 

    Some reflective questions popped up as I think about the process of media exposure. One is browsing the web for study purposes and then an attractive, catchy, byline pops-up. The individual could not resist and take the bait. For example, I wanted to look up some theories in Communication and I saw this right in front of me: As Biden addressed the world, an unknown man in uniform stood watch over his son Beau's grave (msn.com).  I could not resist it and read it. Then, I am pulled to check on Twitter to see how people were reacting to it.

    This video which was shared with me some years ago tends to explain it well: 


    Some of the Communication Theories I can see operant in the scenario I pointed out could be the Frame of Reference Theory (my interests, my background, my mindset influence my actions), Cognitive Dissonance Theory (if I doubt or is not comfortable with the information, I may reject or find some information to counter it). 
     
    You have noted in reply to my private message that you have started to create Mental Models (illustrations) of the ideas you have in mind which is excellent.  For my own study which used a Reflective Methodological Approach, I used the mental models I drew from reflections as my Data. You are right! These mental models are very helpful!

    You asked: When you read a paper, what method of understanding, like what do you do to understand and retain the information? 

    I am a digital writer. I don't use the pen and paper anymore. So, I have a folder on my PC and a backup drive dedicated to my study. I saved PDF copies of the articles I found very important in that folder so I revisit them. As to taking down notes, I do it right in my Draft and reword the information if I can, and make direct quotations (noting the page numbers of the passage). Some texts are written by authors who are difficult for us to grasp. That's where my time is mostly eaten up. I have to read over and over what the author or authors meant. So, quoting them directly allows me to re-read the original versus my own interpretation of the text. Cross-referencing helps. I would search the web for the same topic to see if there are articles written about the subject or topic in plain language. From Google Scholar to Research Gate and to just plain Google Site, sometimes we can get lucky. Finding other sources that have more understandable explanations or manner of writing helps a lot. 

    Sometimes, there are very interesting topics we find while doing research that we find so interesting and seem so relevant yet we could not find a place in our Draft. I create different file notes for that type of material. Sometimes, they may also find a good place in the interpretation part of our study. 

    So, spending time re-reading, archiving the materials (some utilize digital organizers for this purpose but I tried and was not comfortable with it), taking down notes, re-writing, and cross-referencing are just my reading comprehension strategies. Do you find yourself doing the same things? 

    Best, 
    Myrene


    ------------------------------
    Myrene Magabo
    Doctoral Student of Communication
    University of the Philippines Open University
    Laguna
    Philippines
    ------------------------------



  • 10.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-25-2021 11:23
    Hi Myrene,

    Good morning.

    Thank you for this reply. I really appreciate how you process the information. 

    I really like your idea about utilizing direct quotes and then going back and seeing how they make sense in our study. I am going to incorporate that habit. I have started taking notes in OneNote, because I found referring to them back quite easy and they are stored in our One Drive folder provided by our University. So I do not have to utilize my personal data space. 

    Thank you so much for the video. Yes, you are absolutely correct, it is being found that accidental exposure may lead audiences to mal-content and mal-information.

    I really like the chain we've begun. Thank you for uploading those two books on Google Drive. I will definitely look them up.

    Thanks and regards,

    Sreerupa Sanyal.


    ------------------------------
    Sreerupa Sanyal
    Doctoral Student/Graduate Research Assistant
    University of Kansas
    Lawrence, Kansas
    United State of America
    ssanyal@ku.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 11.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-25-2021 22:28
    It's no trouble at all, @Sreerupa Sanyal.  It's my hope that our exchanges of ideas and resources will be helpful to others too in the future if not so much at this point in time. 

    Let's continue our conversations ​even with new other topics that may soon come up. 

    Best regards, 
    Myrene

    ------------------------------
    Myrene Magabo
    Doctoral Student of Communication
    University of the Philippines Open University
    Laguna
    Philippines
    ------------------------------



  • 12.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-21-2021 09:37
    Hi Seerupa, 

    In your area of interest, I would suggest you look into congruences with "information encountering" from the cognate field of information science. Sanda Erdelez introduced this term/concept in 1997, but there have been several updates since then (notably by her also in 1999 and 2020, although others have of course also taken up the term/concept over the past 20y as well).

    Cheers,
    Devon

    ------------------------------
    Devon Greyson
    Assistant Professor
    University of Massachusetts - Amherst
    MA
    United States
    ------------------------------



  • 13.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-25-2021 21:39
    Thanks for your input, Prof. @Devon Greyson​! 

    It is very much appreciated, 
    Myrene

    ------------------------------
    Myrene Magabo
    Doctoral Student of Communication
    University of the Philippines Open University
    Laguna
    Philippines
    ------------------------------



  • 14.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 02-28-2021 23:25
    Thanks Laura for pointing to Pavitt (2016). It is very comprehensive. One of the theoretical approaches described in that volume is some of my work  (Lynn Miller) with Stephen Read  (note for some reason Pavitt spells it Reed, but that is not correct) which Pavitt describes as (at that point) one of the most complete models of impressions formation...I think it still is, especially adept at the individual in the moment construction of meaning (and mathematizable).  The theoretical piece (published in 1998) leveraged hierarchical computational models (used in understanding the brain in cognitive science): Constraint processes (both top down and bottom up) are thought to afford "settling" on different alternative interpretations (e.g., for letters, words, and in our work on the features, identification of "who" "did what" to "whom" "when" "where" "how" "with what effect" (e.g., emotion) and "why" (goals) scenarios/narratives that we argued (and still argue) underpin social meaning construction processes).  At the time, it was believed that the brain works backwards to "fill" in order to make causal inferences (we don't perceive directly). How did the brain do this?  We hypothesized that just as in the case of word and sentence inference, across humans the "slots" would be similar/universal. The content and inferences from that content would be influenced by culture (and specific aspects of the person/person's experience). The "slots" we choose as theoretical units were based on extensive research in developmental psychology and cross-cultural linguistic work on structures that seem to be more similar across cultures and might be key underpinnings of social concepts (e.g., traits, roles, attributions of various sorts, etc.). The "slots" as it turns out (now from 2020's perspective) may actually align increasingly well with what we know about how brain processes (e.g., differentiation of dorsal and ventral "streams" and integration of information, for example, "what" versus "where"). The model can be "run" as a simulation and we are working to do that now -- eventually to use it in conjunction with our Virtual Personality Model (a computational model that shows how chronic and phasic goals as well as goals activated in the situation combine to activate current choice -- more on the production side of action): Our end goal is to use this not only as a test-bed for research but also to incorporate the model into intelligent agents for virtual environments to test our models of social interaction and also as a basis for interventions (leveraging our prior work in virtual environments with intelligent agents that were run using Markov-based processes).   The hard part in all these decades of work was the beginning -- how to conceptualize the slots? Deeply reading widely across disciplines (cognitive science, biology, communication, psychology, linguistics, etc.) and being open to commonalities (these constantly "recurring themes" of narrative components for example) was key...so was not willing to be stuck with just the conventional methods of the day (e.g., most methods, even today are between-subjects and not dynamic)...that's a problem when we move into a world where understanding moment-to-moment how individuals process information is key. It seems  obvious that people come to different conclusions about "what is happening" often with the same "stimuli".  Yet, this process is far from "random".  Distributions (of variability) and change in representations should be "baked into" one's theory I would say ..to do that we need broad interdisciplinary play in communication.

    ------------------------------
    Lynn Miller
    Professor
    U of Southern California
    Los Angeles CA
    United States
    ------------------------------



  • 15.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 03-01-2021 09:08

    Thank you so much, Dr. Miller, for taking the time to go deeper into your voice and thoughts (within Pavitt's book). It makes a huge difference getting the perspectives and insights from the author herself/himself. I couldn't thank you enough as I enriched my world reading your thoughts line by line. I have no doubts that the ICA students and early career scholars would gain further understanding from your reply.

     

    In addition to referencing the information from the book, I may find myself quoting some of your valuable thoughts shared in this discussion thread in the future. If I may have  your permission, please? Thank you very much!

     

    Sincerely,

    Myrene

     

    Myrene A Magabo

    Board of Directors and Co-Chair, Student & Early Career Advisory Committee

    International Communication Association  Welcome to The Link! | Public Channel (icahdq.org)

    Student, Doctor of Communication (all-but-dissertation)

    University of the Philippines - Open University

    Associate Director & Chair of Instructional Listening, Global Listening Centre (www.globallisteningcentre.org)

     

     

     






  • 16.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-22-2021 10:31
    I have found "How to Build Social Science Theory" to be a helpful book by Shoemaker, Tankard & Lasorsa (2004).

    ------------------------------
    Kaitlin Miller
    Assistant Professor
    University of Alabama
    Tuscaloosa AL
    United States
    ------------------------------



  • 17.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-23-2021 10:11

    Thank you so much for sharing another useful resource with us, Prof. Miller.

    Your support for us is highly appreciated.

    Sincerely,

    Myrene

     

    Myrene A Magabo

    Board of Directors and Co-Chair, Student & Early Career Advisory Committee

    International Communication Association  Welcome to The Link! | Public Channel (icahdq.org)

    Student, Doctor of Communication (all-but-dissertation)

    University of the Philippines - Open University

    Associate Director & Chair of Instructional Listening, Global Listening Centre (www.globallisteningcentre.org)

     

     

     






  • 18.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-23-2021 14:09
    Great thread. I found Hans Zetterberg's Theory and verification in sociology very helpful in my theory building efforts.

    ------------------------------
    Frank Dance
    Distinguished University Professor
    U of Denver
    Denver CO
    United States
    ------------------------------



  • 19.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-25-2021 22:29
    Thank you very much, Dr. Frank Dance!

    Your shared resource is a great one. We appreciate your input to this discussion and we look forward to hearing again from you in case we'll be in need of input on other topics. 

    All the best,
    Myrene​

    ------------------------------
    Myrene Magabo
    Doctoral Student of Communication
    University of the Philippines Open University
    Laguna
    Philippines
    ------------------------------



  • 20.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-23-2021 19:22
    Thankyou Frank & Kaitlin!

    That was great help! Does anybody have any of these e-books available?

    Best regards
    Navodita

    ------------------------------
    Navodita Pande
    Navodita Pande
    Sheiling House School
    Kanpur
    India
    ------------------------------



  • 21.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-23-2021 21:11
    Edited by Myrene Magabo 01-27-2021 16:34
    Hi, @Navodita Pande,

    The  "How to Build Social Science Theories"  can be obtained (purchased) at http://sk.sagepub.com/books/how-to-build-social-science-theories 

    Full Reference Citation: 
    Shoemaker, P. J., Tankard, J., & Lasorsa, D. L. (2004). How to build social science theories. SAGE Publications, Inc., https://www.doi.org/10.4135/978141299011


    All the best, 
    Myrene

    ------------------------------
    Myrene Magabo
    Doctoral Student of Communication
    University of the Philippines Open University
    Laguna
    Philippines
    ------------------------------



  • 22.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-23-2021 21:34
    Edited by Myrene Magabo 01-27-2021 17:09
    Dear @Navodita Pande and ALL--

    Hans Zetterberg's Theory and verification in sociology  and a digital copy can be purchased for $5.00 at
    https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/action/cookieAbsent
    .

    Or, it can also be purchased from Amazon On Theory and Verification in Sociology: Zetterberg, Hans Lennart: Amazon.com: Books.

    Best regards,

    Myrene

    ------------------------------
    Myrene Magabo
    Doctoral Student of Communication
    University of the Philippines Open University
    Laguna
    Philippines
    ------------------------------



  • 23.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-24-2021 00:14
    Thankyou! I have sent a request to you to allow me access to download the file from Google Drive, please.

    Kind regards
    Navodita

    ------------------------------
    Navodita Pande
    Navodita Pande
    Sheiling House School
    Kanpur
    India
    ------------------------------



  • 24.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-25-2021 11:23
    Dear @Navodita Pande,
    Access granted to you a couple of days ago. I hope you were able to see the notification through your email. 
    Best regards, 
    Myrene​

    ------------------------------
    Myrene Magabo
    Doctoral Student of Communication
    University of the Philippines Open University
    Laguna
    Philippines
    ------------------------------



  • 25.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-25-2021 19:03
    Thankyou!

    I have downloaded them.

    Best regards
    Navodita

    ------------------------------
    Navodita Pande
    Navodita Pande
    Sheiling House School
    Kanpur
    India
    ------------------------------



  • 26.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-27-2021 17:05
    Dear Everyone, 

    Thanks for the gentle rebuke from Dr. Tom Mankowski  (which he posted on a separate discussion thread) on copyright which led me to find another good resource highly related to accidental media exposure for your study @Sreerupa Sanyal. Dr. @Tom Mankowski listed as an example:

    JOC: Volume 70, Issue 6: Learning from Incidental Exposure to Political Information in Online Environments.  This also reminds us of our very own ICA Resources for scholarly works within the Publications tab of our web community. I have also edited the links to the two files I have shared which were obtained some years ago. 

    For retrieval and ease of giving full references to the said resources, I have recapped the resources below: 


    Pavitt, C. (2016). A survey of scientific communication theory. New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing. https://www.peterlang.com/view/title/23159?format=PBK


    Lee O. Thayer, On Theory-Building in Communication: Some Conceptual Problems, Journal of Communication, Volume 13, Issue 4, December 1963, Pages 217–235, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1963.tb02110.x


    Shoemaker, P. J., Tankard, J., & Lasorsa, D. L. (2004). How to build social science theories. SAGE Publications, Inc., https://www.doi.org/10.4135/978141299011

    John, R. (1980) Theory Construction in Sociology A competing Approach. Mid-American Review of Sociology, 1980, Vol. V, No.1 :15-36 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/213388149.pdf

    (I did not have Hans Zetterberg Theory and verification in sociology, but I shared this Free Article instead).

     

    I hope this helps!
    All the best, 
    Myrene







    ​​

    ------------------------------
    Myrene Magabo
    Doctoral Student of Communication
    University of the Philippines Open University
    Laguna
    Philippines
    ------------------------------



  • 27.  RE: Strategies and Methodologies in Theory Development and Model Building

    Posted 01-28-2021 12:38
    Dear Myrene 

    Thank you so much for rectifying our mistake of loosely citing the sources. Many thanks to Dr. Tom Mankoswki for bringing the issue to our attention.

    Myrene, thank you for suggesting the article. I had already seen the article the Dr. Mankoswki's thread and downloaded the same through the KU library.

    I am so glad, we have this platform, where we can reach out to a wider audience of scholars, researchers and educators and ​push the initiative of scholarly learning to greater heights.

    Thank you,
    Regards,

    Sreerupa Sanyal.

    ------------------------------
    Sreerupa Sanyal
    Doctoral Student/Graduate Research Assistant
    University of Kansas
    Lawrence, Kansas
    United State of America
    ssanyal@ku.edu
    ------------------------------